]> MetaOnt 01-08-2011 This is a formal applied ontology that represents the domain of applied ontologies. This metaontology was developed by Pawel Garbacz and Robert Trypuz. Its latest version is available at www.l3gl.pl. This is the second release of the MetaOnt ontology. This is an auxliary property. This is an auxliary property. This is an auxliary property. This property defines the arity (i.e., the number of arguments) of a relation. This property defines the unique general identifier for its object. This property has value "actual" if the domain of an applied ontology contains only actual entities, i.e., those that either existed, exist, or will exist. This property has value "possible" if the domain of an applied ontology contains also possible entities, e.g., unicorns; this flag covers also the actual entities; actual possible This property has the value "mind-independent" if the domain contains only mind independent entities. This property has the value "mind-dependent" if the domain contains only mind dependent entities, i.e., those whose existence constantly depends on the existence of (the beliefs, desires, or intentions, etc. of) some particular agent; This property has the value "mixed" if the domain contains entities of both kinds. mind-dependent mind-independent mixed This property defines the OWL prefix for an applied ontology. This property is used to identify a resource where its object is described. This property is used to identify a resource that provides information of its object. We use the following URI schematas: http, info, isbn for the values of this property. This property is used to identify a resource where its object is stored. http://dewey.info/class/900/about.rdf http://dewey.info/class/700/about.rdf An ontological category is both an intentional and an intensional entity. It is intentional because it its existence and properties depend on the beliefs of its authors. It is intensional because whether a particular object falls under this category depends on the particular circumstances of the real world. http://dewey.info/class/000/about.rdf The classic understanding of language is adopted: a language is construed as a triad constituted by the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects. For instance, OWL/XML and OWL Manchester Syntax are understood here as two different formal languages. Two types of ontological languages are distinguished: languages that support formal inference and the languages that do not. An inference is understood as a cognitive process whereby a new piece of knowledge is obtained on the basis of some previously acquainted knowledge. An inference is formal if its validity depends on the structures of its premises and conclusion and not on their content. For instance, if an ontology is a simple list of objects rendered as an CSV file, no inference within this ontology is supported by the CSV format. We do not distinguish between ontological conceptualisations and ontological realisations/implemententation (as OMV does) because usually even minor changes in the way an ``abstract'' idea is formulated lead to different views on the domain in question. In particular, when an ontology is rendered in two formal languages, say, the full first-order logic and some weak description logic language like OWL DL, the two formalisations are in fact two different theories due to the difference in the expressivity of their languages. Consequently, each will represent its domain in a slightly (or, as it may happen, radically) different way. The resulting differences are of particular importance when a ontology in question is to disambiguate the natural language discourse for the sake of, say, semantic negotiations within a network of agents. Then even minor changes in the formalisation may result in significant semantic discrepancies and consequently in negotiation failure. http://dewey.info/class/400/about.rdf http://dewey.info/class/800/about.rdf This metacategory contains methodologies developed for the sake of applied ontology. 1 http://dewey.info/class/100/about.rdf 2 All categories that can be adequately represented by n-ary (i.e., binary, ternary, etc.) predicates. http://dewey.info/class/200/about.rdf http://dewey.info/class/300 This category is divided according to the main classes from the "first summary" of Dewey Decimal Classification (23rd edition). A source of knowledge for an applied ontology documents an ontological choice made when the ontology was developed. In the case of general categories or schemas the ontological knowledge may come from some general scientific ideas, conceptions, or theories. Among those categories we put special emphasis on the philosophical assumptions and/or implications of a given ontology. For the sake of clarity, we organise the general sources of knowledge according to the top-most categories of the Dewey Decimal Classification, however, this assumption is not crucial to our approach and may be dropped in favour of some other classification. The variety of the domain-specific sources of knowledge cannot be so easily tamed. The specific ontological knowledge may originate from the user's requirement specifications, existing documentation for the legacy data systems, logical schemas of the databases to be integrated by the applied ontology in question, interviews with the subject-domain experts, etc. http://dewey.info/class/600/about.rdf All categories that can be adequately represented by unary predicates. AGROVOC is the world’s most comprehensive multilingual agricultural vocabulary. Downloaded over a thousand times a year by dozens of countries it is in daily institutional use to index and search documents, web pages and digital objects. http://aims.fao.org/website/AGROVOC-Thesaurus/sub http://www.amico.org isbn:9287165572 http://www.object-id.com http://www.oclc.org/research/partnership/default.htm Example: DBPedia_ID for Russian Federation is Russia http://dbpedia.org http://lcweb.loc.gov/ead http://faostat.fao.org/ The FAO Term Portal is a consolidated corporate multilingual terminology platform for glossary creation to help ensure sustainably and consistently a coordinated dissemination of FAO knowledge in all the languages of the Organization. http://www.fao.org/termportal/en/ This is the first-order logic with the identity connective and the definite description operator. http://archive.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr1.htm Global Administrative Unit Layers http://www.fao.org/giews/english/shortnews/GAUL1.pdf Gross domestic product (income) English country names and code elements; two-letter country codes http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes/iso_3166_code_lists/english_country_names_and_code_elements.htm English country names and code elements; three-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1 http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes.htm This standard was produced to guide users in documenting archaeological sites and monuments. It aims to facilitate international exchange of information by encouraging standardised approaches to database structure. The first edition of the Core Data Standard for Archaeological and Architectural Heritage was published in 1995. A second edition, revised as the International Core Data Standard for Archaeological Sites and Architectural Heritage, in the light of practical experience and new theoretical insights. This second edition is in the final stages of editing and will shortly be available through CIDOC. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/clayton-herbarium/index.html Standard country or area codes and geographical regions for statistical use http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm http://www.collectionstrust.org.uk/stand http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/professional/archives-and-collections/nmr/heritage-data/midas-heritage http://iiss039.joanneum.at/cms/index.php?id=84 info:doi/10.1007/BFb0034686 http://www.ics.forth.gr/isl/projects/projects_individual.jsp?ProjectID=20 http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/knowledge/nmr/otherwork/smr/ United Nations Development Programme country codes http://refgat.undp.org/genericList.cfm?entid=108&requesttimeout=600 http://www.loc.gov/z3950/agency/profiles/profiles.html Aristotelian realism holds that a universal only exists inseparably from the existence of particular things. isbn:0-19-866132-0 info:doi/10.1111/0029-4624.00094 isbn:0198249543 http://www.ei.sanken.osaka-u.ac.jp/pub/miz/IJCAI95WS.pdf isbn:0-19-866132-0 Conceptualism holds that our classification of particulars under general terms is a product of our selective human interests rather than a reflection of metaphysical truth. http://www.ei.sanken.osaka-u.ac.jp/pub/miz/IJCAI95WS.pdf Endurantism or endurance theory is a philosophical theory of persistence and identity. According to the endurantist view material objects are persisting three-dimensional individuals wholly present at every moment of their existence. isbn:978-0199249138 It builds on the standard method of modeling time as a dimension in physics, to give time a similar ontology to that of space. This would mean that time is just another dimension, that future events are "already there", and that there is no objective flow of time. (wiki) http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/webservices.asp http://www.ei.sanken.osaka-u.ac.jp/pub/miz/IJCAI95WS.pdf Mereological essentialism is the view that objects have their parts essentially. If mereological essentialism is true, it would have the consequence that if an object would lose or gain a part, it would cease to exist (that is, the result would not be the same object anymore). That means that mereological essentialism is a philosophical thesis about the relationship between wholes and its parts, and the conditions for their persistence. (wiki) (Chisholm 1973, 1976) Mereological nihilism, the thesis that necessarily, there are no composite objects. (Donald Smith) The thesis that there are composite objects and possibly, some objects fail to compose something. (Donald Smith) Mereological universalism is the thesis that necessarily, any (material) objects whatsoever compose another (material) object. (Donald Smith) The thesis that, for any set S of disjoint objects, there is an object that the members of S compose. (Michel C. Rea) isbn:0198249543 isbn:0-19-866132-0 Nominalism holds that resemblances between particulars are sufficient to justify our application of the same general term to them without appeal to any additional entity. Perdurantism or four dimensionalism which maintains that an object is a series of temporal parts or stages. isbn:0-19-866132-0 Platonic realism holds that any universal has a non-spatio-temporal existence distinct and separable from all particular things, which need not even exist in order for that universal to exist. Only present time is real. Every object that exists, exists at the present time. http://www.ei.sanken.osaka-u.ac.jp/pub/miz/IJCAI95WS.pdf http://www.ei.sanken.osaka-u.ac.jp/pub/miz/IJCAI95WS.pdf